You probably use your computer every single day, but do you actually know how computers are classified? With so many different types of computers out there, it can get pretty confusing trying to understand the differences between them all. Whether you’re a total tech newbie or consider yourself pretty computer savvy, this article will break down the basics of how computers are categorized. In just a few minutes, you’ll have a solid understanding of the main classifications of computers and what distinguishes one type from another.
Overview Of Computer
A computer is a machine that can be configured to automatically perform arithmetic or logical functions. Computers come in all shapes and sizes. The most common types are desktop computers, laptops, and tablets. Laptops are portable personal computers that fold flat and have an attached keyboard and screen. Tablets are handheld touchscreen devices, ideal for browsing the web or using apps on the go.
Desktop computers are traditional tower units that sit on or under a desk. They offer more powerful components for tasks like gaming or video editing. Desktops also provide more flexibility to upgrade individual parts over time. However, they lack the portability of laptops and tablets.
Whether you need a lightweight laptop for work, a powerful desktop for gaming, or a tablet for casual use, there’s a computer for every need and budget. The options today provide a level of power and portability that fits anyone’s digital lifestyle.
Staying up to date with the latest technology helps you get the most out of your computer. But don’t feel pressured into constant upgrades, choose what’s right for you based on how you actually use your device day to day. Focus on performance, display, storage, and other features that really impact your experience.
With some basic knowledge about types of computers and components, you can make the best choice for your needs and ensure many years of productive and rewarding use from your digital companion.
Factors for Classification
These are some of the factors for classification:
Size
Computers come in all shapes and sizes these days. From massive supercomputers that fill entire rooms to tiny microcomputers you can fit in your pocket, size is an important way to categorize computers.
Processing Power
How fast and powerful a computer’s CPU is directly impacts what it can do. More powerful computers with faster processors are better suited for complex tasks like video editing, while less powerful ones are fine for basic needs like web browsing.
Memory
The amount of memory, or RAM, a computer has determines how many programs and browser tabs you can have open at once without slowing it down. More memory means you can do more at the same time.
Storage
A computer’s hard drive or solid-state drive is where you store all your files, photos, and software. More storage space means you can save more and larger files. Storage options range from a few gigabytes up to multiple terabytes for large storage needs.
Operating System
The operating system, like Windows, macOS, or Chrome OS, controls the look and feel of the computer and how you interact with it. The OS you choose depends a lot on your personal preferences and needs.
Graphics Processing
Powerful graphics cards, or GPUs, are important for visual computing tasks like playing PC games, editing video, or photo editing. Computers with more powerful graphics cards are better suited for these types of visual applications.
Purpose
Finally, how you intend to use the computer, whether for productivity, entertainment, education, or something else, determines what specifications and features will best meet your needs. The computer’s purpose is one of the most important factors to consider when classifying and comparing different options.
Classification of Computers
Computers are mainly classified based on their Size, Purpose, Data Handling Capabilities, Generation, Functionality, Operating System, & Usage.
Classification of Computers by Size: Micro, Mini, Mainframe and Supercomputers
These are the classification of computers by size:
Microcomputers
A microcomputer is a small, low-cost computer that uses a microprocessor as its central processing unit. The computer also incorporates memory and input/output (I/O) circuits, which are all placed on a printed circuit board.
Minicomputers
A minicomputer is a computer that is smaller, cheaper, and less powerful than a mainframe or supercomputer, but more expensive and powerful than a personal computer. Minicomputers are utilized for scientific and technical computations, file handling, business transaction processing, and database management.
Mainframe Computers
Mainframe computers are powerful, high-capacity systems that can process huge amounts of data very quickly. Mainframes support hundreds of users simultaneously and are used by large organizations like banks, insurance companies, and government agencies to handle major computing needs.
Supercomputers
Supercomputers are the fastest, most powerful computers currently available. They are made up of thousands of processors that work together to solve extremely complex problems. Supercomputers are used for applications like weather forecasting, molecular modeling, and physics simulations. They can perform quadrillions of calculations per second!
In summary, computers come in all shapes and sizes for different needs. Whether you want a compact PC for home use or a lightning-fast supercomputer for groundbreaking research, there’s a type of computer to suit your needs. The capabilities and applications are endless.
Classification by Purpose: General Purpose, Special Purpose and Embedded Computers
These are the classification of computers by purpose:
General Purpose Computers
The computers that are designed to handle a wide range of tasks are known as general purpose computers. Your personal computer like desktops and laptops fall under this category. They are flexible enough to run various types of generic software and handle many applications.
Special Purpose Computers
These computers are designed to execute a few specialized tasks. They have a limited range of applications they can run. Examples are Traffic lights, Weather forecasting simulators, Oil exploration systems, Military planes controlling computers, Automatic teller Machines, etc.
Embedded Computers
Embedded computers also known as Box PC, Gateway, Controller, and Industrial PC, are designed to perform specific tasks and are embedded as part of a larger system. They are programmed to control and monitor the operations of machines and equipment. Embedded systems control devices like cellphones, MP3 players, microwaves, etc. They are compact in size and are designed to operate for long periods of time with limited memory and processing power.
In summary, the three main categories of computers based on their purpose are: general purpose for regular day to day use, special purpose built for specific applications, and embedded systems designed to control electronic devices. Each category serves a unique set of needs.
Classification by Data Handling Capabilities: Analog, Digital, and Hybrid Computers
These are the classification of computers by data handling capabilities:
Analog Computers
Analog computers represent data in a continuous form, often physical quantities like voltage, mechanical motion or pressure. They operate on analog signals and are suited for simulating and controlling physical systems. Examples are slide rules, nomographs, mechanical integrators, etc. They are rarely used today due to limited accuracy and flexibility.
Digital Computers
Digital computers represent data in discrete binary digits (bits) with a numerical value of 0 and 1. They are the most common type of computers today that operate on digital data. All modern PCs, laptops and mobile devices are digital computers. They offer high speed, accuracy, flexibility and ease of programming. Examples are desktops, laptops, tablets, smartphones, etc.
Hybrid Computers
Hybrid computers incorporate the best features of both analog and digital computers. They accept analog inputs, convert them into digital form for processing and provide analog outputs. The digital components provide flexibility, accuracy and ease of programming while the analog components are used for specialized inputs and outputs. They are used in applications like aircraft simulation, process control, etc.
To summarize, analog computers represent data continuously, digital computers represent data discretely in binary form, while hybrid computers incorporate both analog and digital components for specialized applications. Digital computers are the most dominant and widely used type today due to their superior speed, accuracy and programming capabilities.
Classification by Generation: First to Fifth Generation Computers
These are the classification of computers by Generation:
First Generation Computers (1940-1956)
The first generation computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory. They were huge, slow, expensive, and often unreliable. Examples include ENIAC, EDVAC, and UNIVAC.
Second Generation Computers (1956-1963)
The second generation saw the use of transistors instead of vacuum tubes, which were smaller, faster, cheaper, and more reliable. Examples include IBM 1401, CDC 1604, and Honeywell 400.
Third Generation Computers (1964-1971)
The third generation saw the use of integrated circuits, or ICs, which further reduced size and cost while improving reliability and performance. Examples include IBM 360 and Honeywell 6000.
Fourth Generation Computers (1971-2010)
The fourth generation saw the development of microprocessors and the first personal computers. Examples of fourth generation computers are Apple II, IBM PC, and Compaq Portable.
Fifth Generation Computers (2010-Present)
Fifth generation computing focuses on artificial intelligence and parallel processing. The goal is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization. Examples of fifth generation computers include PCs of Pentium, Notebooks, IBM laptops, Intel P4, and Param 1000. Quantum computing is an active area of research in fifth generation computing.
Classification of Computers by Functionality: Servers, Workstation, Embedded computers, and Information Appliances
These are the classification of computers by functionality:
Computers can be classified based on their functionality and usage. Some of the major categories are:
Servers
Servers are powerful computers used to manage network resources, store data and run critical business applications. They are designed to handle multiple user requests simultaneously and operate continuously without interruption. Examples are web servers, database servers and file servers.
Workstations
Workstations are high-performance desktop computers used for tasks like computer-aided design, software engineering, and graphic design. They have a large amount of RAM and powerful processors optimized for multitasking. Workstations are more robust than typical PCs.
Embedded computers
Embedded computers are miniature devices with a dedicated function built into larger systems. They are designed to perform specific tasks like operating a machine or appliance. Embedded systems can be found in devices like microwaves, washing machines, and vehicles.
Information appliances
Information appliances are special-purpose devices designed for web browsing, email, and multimedia playback. They include tablets, eReaders, smart TVs, and streaming media devices. Information appliances typically run a mobile operating system and have limited functionality compared to a full desktop computer.
In summary, the four major categories of computers based on their functionality are: servers, workstations, embedded systems and information appliances. Each type is tailored to perform certain tasks for individuals or within a larger computing infrastructure.
Classification of Computers Based on Operating System: Windows PCs, macOS Computers, Linux Computers, and Unix Systems
There are four main types of computers based on their operating systems:
Windows PCs
Windows PCs run Microsoft’s Windows operating system. This includes versions like Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7 and older versions. Windows is the most popular operating system and is used by most desktop and laptop computers.
macOS computers
macOS computers are made by Apple and run the macOS operating system, like macOS Big Sur or macOS Catalina. Macs are popular with people who work in creative fields like design or music production.
Linux computers
The Linux computers run an open-source operating system like Ubuntu, Fedora or Mint. Linux is free, customizable and good for programming. However, it can be complicated to set up and is less user-friendly.
Unix systems
The Unix systems run operating systems like Solaris, BSD and others. Unix systems are mainly used by large organizations and for servers. They are very stable and secure but require advanced technical skills to operate.
In summary, you’ve got Windows for general and business use, Macs for creative work, Linux for programming and Unix for servers. The type of computer and operating system you choose depends on what you need to do and your level of technical expertise.
Classification of Computers by Usage: Public computer, Personal computer, Shared computer, and Display computer
These are the classification of computers by usage:
Public computers
Public computers are designed for general public use. You’ll find these in libraries, schools, and community centers. Since many people access them, they typically have strict security controls and filters in place.
Personal computers
Personal computers are intended for individual use. This includes laptops, desktops, and tablets that you own for personal productivity, entertainment, and connectivity. You have full control over a personal computer and can install any software or apps you choose.
Shared computers
Shared computers are accessed by a limited number of specific users, like colleagues in an office. They provide more flexibility than public computers but less control than a personal computer. Shared computers typically have some basic security measures enabled to protect users and systems.
Display computers
Display computers are set up for interactive presentations and demonstrations. They have specialized hardware and software optimized to deliver high quality graphics, audio, and video. Museums, trade shows, and retail stores often use display computers to engage and educate visitors.
Whether you’re writing a paper, playing games, staying in touch with friends, or learning a new skill, computers empower you to accomplish amazing things. The specific type of computer, public, personal, shared or display provides the level of access and capability you need for the task at hand.
Frequently Asked Questions
People often have a lot of questions when it comes to computers. Here are some of the most common FAQs:
What’s the difference between a laptop and desktop computer?
Laptops, also known as notebooks, are portable personal computers designed to be carried around, while desktop computers are larger and meant to stay in one place.
What is RAM and how much do I need?
Random Access Memory or RAM is your computer’s short-term memory. More RAM allows you to have more applications open at once without slowing down. For most basic tasks like web browsing and word processing, at least 4 to 8 gigabytes of RAM is good.
What processor do I need?
The central processing unit or CPU, also known as the processor, acts as the “brain” of your computer. For basic needs, an Intel Core i5 or AMD Ryzen 5 and above should work great. For more intensive tasks like gaming or video editing, get an Intel Core i7/i9 or AMD Ryzen 7/9.
How much storage space do I need?
Storage space refers to the amount of data your computer can hold, measured in gigabytes (GB) or terabytes (TB). For general everyday use, at least 256 GB to 512 GB of solid state drive (SSD) storage is recommended. More storage allows you to save more photos, videos, music, documents, and applications.
Staying up to date with the latest technology terms and specs can definitely feel overwhelming. But understanding some of the basics about the key components of a computer will help ensure you get a device suited for your needs.
Conclusion
Computers come in all shapes and sizes, from massive supercomputers to the handy smartphone in your pocket. No matter what type you use, computers utilize input devices for data, processors for crunching numbers, memory for storage, and output devices to communicate results. Whether you’re working, playing, learning, or creating, computers enable us to accomplish incredible things. At their core, all computers take input, process data, store info, and provide output. Understanding how they work helps us use them more effectively to achieve our goals. The next time you use your computer, phone or other device, remember the components inside that make it all possible.