Who was the First Female President in Africa?

As you explore the rich tapestry of African political history, you may wonder about the pacesetters who paved the way for future generations. One such pioneer stands out: the first female president on the African continent. This groundbreaking leader not only made history but also reshaped perceptions of women in politics across the region.

In this article, you’ll discover the identity of the first female president in Africa. You will learn about her biography and journey to the presidency and understand the lasting impact of her tenure on African governance and gender equality. Prepare to delve into a story of perseverance, leadership, and transformative change.

Who was the First Female President in Africa?

Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf made history as Africa’s first democratically elected female president when she took office in Liberia on January 16, 2006. Her groundbreaking achievement marked a significant milestone for women’s leadership on the continent. Johnson-Sirleaf, often called the “Iron Lady” of Liberian politics, brought a wealth of experience to her role, having served as Minister of Finance and worked for the World Bank.

During her two terms as president, Johnson-Sirleaf focused on rebuilding Liberia after years of civil war. She prioritized economic development, infrastructure improvement, and reconciliation efforts. Her leadership earned international recognition, including the Nobel Peace Prize in 2011 for her work in promoting peace, democracy, and women’s rights.

Johnson-Sirleaf’s presidency paved the way for increased female political participation across Africa. Her legacy continues to inspire women leaders throughout the continent and beyond.

Biography of Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf: Family Background

Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf’s family background reflects Liberia’s complex history and social structure. She was born on the 29th of October 1938 in Monrovia; she hails from a mixed ethnic heritage. Johnson-Sirleaf’s father, Jahmale Carney Johnson, was born into poverty but rose to become the first indigenous Liberian in the national legislature. He was the son of a minor Gola chief named Jahmale Carney and one of his wives, Jenneh, in Julijuah, Bomi County.

Her mother, Martha Dunbar, was born to a German father and a rural Liberian mother, exemplifying the country’s diverse ethnic makeup. Sirleaf’s mother was born into poverty in Greenville. Sirleaf’s grandmother, Juah Sarwee, moved her mother to the capital, Monrovia, when her German husband (Sirleaf’s grandpa) was forced to depart the nation after Liberia declared war on Germany during World War I. Cecilia Dunbar, a member of a distinguished American-Liberian family in the capital, adopted and raised Sirleaf’s mother.

Growing up, Johnson-Sirleaf faced the challenges of a patriarchal society. However, her parents’ emphasis on education and public service shaped her future trajectory. This upbringing instilled in her the values of perseverance and leadership that would later define her political career and her role as Africa’s first elected female president.

Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf’s Early Life and Career

Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf’s journey to becoming Africa’s first female president began in Monrovia, Liberia, where she was born in 1938. You’ll find her early life marked by a blend of privilege and perseverance. As a young woman, she pursued education with vigor. She attended the College of West Africa, a preparatory institution, from 1948 until 1955.

Ellen married James Sirleaf when she was 17 years old. The couple had four sons together, and she worked mainly as a homemaker. Early in their marriage, James worked for the Department of Agriculture, while Sirleaf worked as a bookkeeper for an auto repair shop. She came to the United States with her husband in 1961 to further her studies, where she got an associate degree in Accounting from Madison Business College in Madison, Wisconsin. When they returned to Liberia, James continued to work in the Agriculture Department, while Sirleaf pursued a career in the Treasury Department. They got divorced in 1961 due to James’ abuse.

Sirleaf returned to college to get her bachelor’s degree. She received a B.A. in economics at the University of Colorado Boulder’s Economics Institute in 1970, where she also spent the summer studying for graduate studies. From 1969 to 1971, Sirleaf studied economics and public policy at Harvard Kennedy School, earning a Master of Public Administration. She returned to Liberia to work in William Tolbert’s administration, where she was appointed Assistant Minister of Finance. While in that position, she made headlines with a “bombshell” speech to the Liberian Chamber of Commerce, claiming that the country’s firms were damaging the economy by hoarding or moving profits abroad.

From 1972 to 1973, Sirleaf served as Assistant Minister in the Tolbert administration. She resigned after a disagreement over government spending. She was then appointed Minister of Finance a few years later, serving from 1979 until April 1980.

Master Sergeant Samuel Doe, a member of the indigenous Krahn ethnic group, took control in a military coup on April 12, 1980, ordering Tolbert’s death and the firing squad execution of all but four members of his Cabinet. The People’s Redemption Council seized control of the country and launched a purge of the former government. Sirleaf initially accepted a position in the new government as President of the Liberian Bank for Development and Investment.

She fled the country in November 1980 after publicly criticizing Doe and the People’s Redemption Council for their management of the country. Sirleaf first moved to Washington, D.C., to work for the World Bank. In 1981, she relocated to Nairobi, Kenya, to serve as Vice President of the African Regional Office of Citibank. She resigned from Citibank in 1985 after being involved in Liberia’s 1985 general election. She started to work for Equator Bank, an HSBC subsidiary. Sirleaf was appointed director of the United Nations Development Programme’s Regional Bureau for Africa in 1992, with the rank of assistant administrator and assistant secretary general. Her political prowess has earned her the nickname “Africa’s Iron Lady.”

She resigned from this position in 1997 to run for the presidency of Liberia. During her time at the U.N., she was one of seven internationally eminent persons appointed by the Organization of African Unity in 1999 to investigate the Rwandan genocide, one of five Commission Chairs for the Inter-Congolese Dialogue, and one of two international experts chosen by UNIFEM to investigate and report on the impact of conflict on women and women’s roles in peacebuilding. She was the former Chairperson of the Open Society Initiative for West Africa (OSIWA) and a visiting Professor of Governance at the Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration (GIMPA).

Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf Political Career & Presidency

Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf’s political journey began in the 1970s when she was serving in various government positions in Liberia. Her career trajectory took a significant turn in 1985 when she ran for Senate, openly criticizing the military regime. This act of defiance led to her arrest and exile.

1985 general election

While working at Citibank, Sirleaf returned to Liberia in 1985 to compete for Vice President under Jackson Doe on the Liberian Action Party’s ticket in the 1985 elections. However, Sirleaf was held under house arrest in August 1985 and sentenced to ten years in prison for sedition following a speech in which she attacked members of the Samuel Doe regime. Following international requests for her freedom, Samuel Doe pardoned and released her in September. Due to government pressure, she was removed from the presidential race and competed for a Senate seat in Montserrado County.

In the 1985 elections, Samuel Doe and his National Democratic Party won the presidency, as well as substantial majorities in both houses. The elections were generally regarded as not free or fair. Sirleaf was declared the winner of her Senate contest, but she refused to take the seat in protest of election fraud.

Following Thomas Quiwonkpa’s failed coup against the Doe regime on November 12, 1985, Sirleaf was arrested and imprisoned again by Doe’s forces on November 13. Despite her refusal to accept her Senate seat, she was released in July 1986. Later that year, she secretly escaped the country for the United States.

1997 presidential campaign

At the start of the First Liberian Civil War in 1989, Sirleaf backed Charles Taylor’s revolt against Doe. She helped gather funds for the war and co-founded the National Patriotic Front of Liberia with Taylor and Tom Woewiyu. As a result, Doe’s government requested that Sirleaf be barred from politics in Liberia for 30 years. She later criticized Taylor’s handling of the war and his treatment of rival opposition leaders like Jackson Doe. By 1996, the presence of ECOWAS forces had resulted in the end of hostilities. The country hosted the 1997 general election, in which Sirleaf returned to Liberia to run.

She ran as the Unity Party’s presidential candidate and came second, receiving 25% of the vote against Charles Taylor’s 75%. Following a disagreement over the results and accusations of treason, Sirleaf fled Liberia and went into exile in Abidjan, Ivory Coast.

2005 presidential campaign

After the end of the Second Liberian Civil War and the formation of a transitional government, Sirleaf was recommended as a candidate for chairman of the government. Gyude Bryant, a political neutral, was eventually appointed chairman, with Sirleaf serving as the head of the Governance Reform Commission. Sirleaf ran for president as the Unity Party’s candidate in the 2005 general election. She came second in the first round of voting behind George Weah, a former footballer.

In the subsequent runoff election, Sirleaf received 59% of the vote to Weah’s 40%, while Weah contested the results. The declaration of the new leader was postponed until further election investigations were completed. On November 23, 2005, Sirleaf was declared the winner of the Liberian election and confirmed as the country’s next president, becoming the first woman to be elected president of an African country. Her inauguration took place on January 16, 2006. Several foreign leaders participated, including U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice and First Lady Laura Bush.

Johnson-Sirleaf won the presidential election, becoming Africa’s first elected female head of state. Her presidency focused on rebuilding Liberia after years of civil war, emphasizing economic development, peace, and women’s rights. She served two terms, stepping down in 2018 and leaving a legacy as a trailblazer in African politics.

Sirleaf’s Accomplishments as President of Liberia

As President of Liberia, Ellen Johnson Sirleaf achieved remarkable progress during her tenure. Her administration focused on several key areas, resulting in significant improvements for the nation.

Economic Reforms

Sirleaf successfully negotiated debt relief, reducing Liberia’s external debt from $4.7 billion to $178 million. This financial restructuring allowed for increased investment in crucial sectors like education and healthcare. Additionally, she implemented policies to attract foreign investment, boosting economic growth and job creation.

Peace and Stability

Under Sirleaf’s leadership, Liberia maintained peace and stability following years of civil war. She strengthened democratic institutions, improved security, and promoted national reconciliation. These efforts helped rebuild trust in government and fostered a more stable political environment.

Women’s Empowerment

Sirleaf championed women’s rights and empowerment. Her presidency inspired a generation of women leaders and led to increased female representation in government and business. She implemented policies to combat gender-based violence and improve access to education for girls.

Personal Life

In 1956, Ellen Johnson married James Sirleaf. They had four sons together before divorcing. She grew up as a Presbyterian but later converted to her husband’s Methodist beliefs. She has ten grandchildren from her sons. Sirleaf joined the Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority while attending college in the United States, and she is also an honorary member of the Links, Inc. She is the aunt of Retta (born Marietta Sirleaf), an American actress and comedian best known for her role as Donna Meagle on the NBC comedy Parks and Recreation.

Most of her children served in the Liberian Government. Her son Robert Sirleaf served as the head of the National Oil Company of Liberia; Charles Sirleaf occupies a key position at the Central Bank of Liberia; and stepson Fombah Sirleaf heads the Liberian National Security Agency, with responsibility for internal security. Some other members of the Sirleaf family are serving in other positions in government.

In December 2021, James Sirleaf, one of the sons of Ellen Sirleaf, died in his residence in Liberia under unknown circumstances.

Criticism

In 2014, Sirleaf was accused of meddling in a criminal investigation involving her stepson, Fombah Sirleaf, and the security agency. Her Minister of Justice, Christiana Tah, resigned in October 2014, accusing President Sirleaf of interfering with the criminal investigation into the NSA’s illegal seizure of money from Korean businessmen during a warrantless hotel search in July 2014. In 2019, her son, Charles Sirleaf, was charged with economic sabotage for illegally printing local money worth US$75 million. The investigation was conducted by the investigative auditing firm Kroll.

Paradise Papers

In November 2017, the International Consortium of Investigative Journalism cited Sirleaf as one of the politicians named in the “Paradise Papers” allegations.

List of Female Presidents in Africa

As you delve into the history of African leadership, you’ll discover a small but significant group of women who have risen to the highest office in their respective countries. These trailblazers have broken through traditional barriers, challenging long-held stereotypes and paving the way for future generations of female leaders on the continent.

The list of female presidents in Africa is relatively short but immensely impactful. Each woman on this list has faced unique challenges and opportunities, navigating complex political landscapes while striving to effect positive change in their nation. Their stories are not just about individual achievements but also the evolving nature of leadership and governance in Africa.

As you explore these women’s journeys to power, you’ll gain insight into the changing face of African politics and the gradual shift towards more inclusive leadership. Their presidencies have not only shaped their own countries but have also influenced perceptions of women in leadership roles across the continent and beyond.

Sylvie Kinigi, Acting President of Burundi (October 1993 – February 1994)

Sylvie Kinigi (née Ntigashira; born 24 November 1953) made history as Burundi’s first female prime minister and acting president. She assumed this role during a tumultuous period in the country’s history. In October 1993, President Melchior Ndadaye was assassinated, and Kinigi stepped in as acting president. She served as the acting president from October 1993 to February 5, 1994, making her the second African woman to serve as president.

During her tenure, she navigated Burundi through a period of intense ethnic conflict and political instability. Her efforts focused on maintaining peace and fostering dialogue between opposing factions. Despite the brevity of her term, Kinigi’s impact was significant in stabilizing the nation during a critical juncture.

Kinigi’s presidency, though short-lived, set a precedent for female leadership in African politics. You can appreciate how her role challenged traditional gender norms and paved the way for future women in governance across the continent.

Ivy Matsepe-Casaburri, Acting President of South Africa (September 2005)

In September 2005, South African politician Dr. Ivy Matsepe-Casaburri (18 September 1937 – 6 April 2009) assumed the role of Acting President when both President Thabo Mbeki and the deputy president were outside the country. As the first woman to hold this position, albeit temporarily, she marked a significant milestone in the nation’s history. Dr. Matsepe-Casaburri, then serving as Minister of Communications.

Dr. Matsepe-Casaburri’s appointment, though short-lived, symbolized progress in gender representation at the highest levels of government. Her tenure lasted only for a day, yet it set a precedent for women’s leadership in South Africa. This event underscored the country’s commitment to gender equality and paved the way for future female leaders in African politics.

Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, President of Liberia (January 2006 – January 2018)

Ellen Johnson Sirleaf (née Johnson; born 29 October 1938), a trailblazing figure in African politics, served as Liberia’s president from January 16, 2006 to January 22, 2018. You may know her as Africa’s first elected female head of state, but her impact extends far beyond this milestone.

During her tenure, Sirleaf focused on rebuilding Liberia after years of civil war. She prioritized economic development, peace-building, and women’s rights. Her efforts in maintaining peace and promoting economic and social development earned her the Nobel Peace Prize in 2011.

Sirleaf’s presidency transformed Liberia’s image on the global stage. Her leadership style, emphasizing reconciliation and economic reform, garnered international praise. Her legacy continues to inspire women in politics across Africa and beyond, demonstrating the potential for female leadership in traditionally male-dominated spheres.

Rose Francine Rogombe, Interim President of Gabon (June 2009 – October 2009)

Rose Francine Rogombe (née Etomba) (20 September 1942 – 10 April 2015) made history as Gabon’s first female head of state, serving as Interim President from 10 June 2009 to 16 October 2009. You may find her ascension to power intriguing, as it occurred following the death of long-serving President Omar Bongo. As President of the Senate, Rogombe assumed the role of Interim President in accordance with Gabon’s constitution.

During her brief tenure, Rogombe focused on maintaining stability and preparing for democratic elections. Her leadership was characterized by a commitment to constitutional processes and a smooth transition of power. Rogombe’s presidency, though short-lived, marked a significant milestone for women in African politics.

Following the election of Ali Bongo Ondimba in October 2009, Rogombe returned to her position in the Senate. Her legacy as Interim President underscores the importance of constitutional succession and women’s participation in governance.

Agnes Monique Ohsan Bellepeau, Acting President of Mauritius (March – July 2012 and May – June 2015)

Agnes Monique Ohsan Bellepeau (born 1942) served as the Acting President of Mauritius during two significant periods. You should note her groundbreaking role as the first woman to hold this position in the country’s history. In March 2012, Bellepeau assumed the presidency following the resignation of Sir Anerood Jugnauth, maintaining her duties until July of that year. Her second term as Acting President occurred from 29 May 2015 to 5 June 2015, when Kailash Purryag resigned, till the inauguration of Ameenah Gurib to the office.

During her tenure, Bellepeau showcased her leadership skills and commitment to public service. As Acting President, she fulfilled crucial ceremonial and constitutional responsibilities, representing Mauritius on the national and international stage. Her appointment highlighted the progress of women in Mauritian politics and governance.

Bellepeau’s service as Acting President underscored the stability of Mauritius’s democratic institutions and the country’s ability to manage smooth transitions of power at the highest levels of government.

Joyce Banda, Former President of Malawi (April 2012 – May 2014)

Joyce Hilda Banda (née Ntila; born 12 April 1950) made history as Malawi’s first female president, serving from 7 April 2012 to 31 May 2014. You may recall that she ascended to the presidency following the sudden death of her predecessor, Bingu wa Mutharika. Banda’s tenure was marked by significant economic reforms and efforts to combat corruption.

During her presidency, Banda attempted to stabilize Malawi’s economy through measures such as devaluing the currency and implementing austerity policies. She also focused on improving healthcare and education, particularly for women and children.

Banda’s leadership style was characterized by her emphasis on women’s empowerment and social welfare. However, her presidency was not without challenges, including the “Cashgate” corruption scandal that emerged in 2013. Despite these difficulties, Banda’s role as Malawi’s first female president remains a significant milestone in African political history.

Catherine Samba, Acting President of Central African Republic (January 2014 – March 2016)

Catherine Samba-Panza (née Souga; born 26 June 1954) served as the Acting President of the Central African Republic from 23 January 2014 to 30 March 2016. She was the country’s first female head of state. During her tenure, Samba-Panza faced the challenging task of leading a nation torn by conflict and instability.

Prior to her presidency, Samba-Panza was a businesswoman and lawyer. She was appointed as the mayor of Bangui, the capital city, in 2013. Following the resignation of Michel Djotodia, Samba-Panza was elected by the National Transitional Council to serve as interim president.

During her presidency, Samba-Panza focused on:

• Restoring peace and security
• Promoting national reconciliation
• Preparing for democratic elections

Despite facing numerous obstacles, including ongoing violence and economic struggles, Samba-Panza’s leadership helped pave the way for a peaceful transition of power in 2016.

Ameenah Gurib-Fakim, President of Mauritius (June 2015 – March 2018)

Ameenah Gurib-Fakim (born 17 October 1959), a renowned biodiversity scientist, made history when she became the first female President of Mauritius in June 2015. Her appointment marked a significant milestone for both Mauritius and Africa. As a distinguished academic and entrepreneur, she brought a wealth of knowledge and experience to the role.

During her tenure from 5 June 2015 to 23 March 2018, she focused on promoting scientific research and sustainable development. She championed initiatives to protect Mauritius’ unique biodiversity and advocated for women’s empowerment in STEM fields. However, her presidency was not without controversy. In March 2018, she resigned amid allegations of improper use of a credit card, though she maintained her innocence throughout the ordeal.

Despite the circumstances of her departure, her presidency remains a landmark achievement for women in African politics. Her time in office highlighted the importance of scientific expertise in governance and raised awareness about environmental conservation on the global stage.

Sahle-Work Zewde, President of Ethiopia (October 2018 – Present)

Sahle-Work Zewde (born 21 February 1950) made history when she was elected as Ethiopia’s first female president on the 25th of October 2018. With a distinguished diplomatic career spanning decades, she brings a wealth of experience to her role. As president, Zewde serves as a figurehead, with executive power resting with the prime minister.

Prior to her presidency, Zewde held various high-profile positions. She served as Ethiopia’s ambassador to several countries and held a top post at the United Nations. Her extensive international experience has proven invaluable in representing Ethiopia on the global stage.

Zewde champions women’s rights and gender equality. She has been a vocal advocate for peace and unity in Ethiopia, working to bridge divides in a diverse nation. Her presidency symbolizes progress in women’s leadership and continues to inspire future generations.

Samia Suluhu Hassan, President of Tanzania (March 2021 – Present)

Samia Suluhu Hassan (born 27 January 1960) made history when she became Tanzania’s first female president on March 19, 2021. Her ascension followed the sudden death of President John Magufuli. As the sitting vice president, she assumed office in accordance with the country’s constitution.

Her presidency marked a shift in Tanzania’s governance. She adopted a more moderate approach compared to her predecessor, focusing on improving international relations and addressing the COVID-19 pandemic. Under her leadership, Tanzania implemented vaccination programs and rejoined the global health community.

As president, she faces the task of balancing economic development with environmental conservation. Her administration has prioritized infrastructure projects and foreign investment while also addressing climate change concerns. Despite challenges, she’s made strides in promoting gender equality and empowering women in leadership roles across Tanzania.

Frequently Asked Questions

Frequently asked questions and answers about the First Female President in Africa.

Who was the first female president in Africa?

Ellen Johnson Sirleaf of Liberia became Africa’s first democratically elected female president in 2006. She served two terms, concluding her presidency in 2018.

How many female presidents has Africa had?

As of 2024, Africa has had three elected female presidents: Ellen Johnson Sirleaf (Liberia), Joyce Banda (Malawi), and Sahle-Work Zewde (Ethiopia). Samia Suluhu Hassan, the current President of Tanzania, ascended following the sudden death of President John Magufuli. Others served as acting president.

What challenges do female leaders face in Africa?

Female leaders in Africa often confront gender bias, cultural stereotypes, and societal expectations. They may also face resistance from traditional power structures and struggle to balance family responsibilities with political duties.

Has having female presidents impacted gender equality in Africa?

While progress has been made, the impact varies by country. Female presidents have often prioritized women’s rights and education, but lasting change requires sustained effort across all levels of society and government.

Conclusion

As you’ve learned, Ellen Johnson Sirleaf made history as Africa’s first elected female president when she took office in Liberia in 2006. Her groundbreaking achievement paved the way for other women leaders on the continent. While progress has been made, female representation in African politics remains an ongoing challenge. By understanding Sirleaf’s journey and legacy, you gain valuable insights into the evolving landscape of leadership in Africa. As more women ascend to positions of power, the potential for positive change grows. The story of Africa’s first female president serves as an inspiration and a reminder that barriers can be broken when determination meets opportunity.