When you think of Africa, vast savannas and sprawling deserts may come to mind. However, the continent is also home to several small nations that pack a punch despite their diminutive size.
In this article, you’ll discover the 10 smallest African countries by landmass. These nations may be geographically compact, but they boast rich histories, diverse cultures, and unique attractions. From island paradises to landlocked enclaves, each of these countries offers something special. As you explore this list, you’ll gain a new appreciation for the often-overlooked smaller nations that contribute to Africa’s incredible diversity and charm.
Top 10 Smallest African Countries
Africa, the world’s second-largest continent, is home to a diverse array of nations, including some of the smallest countries by landmass. These diminutive states, often overlooked, play a significant role in the continent’s rich tapestry of cultures, economies, and geopolitics.
When we talk about the smallest country in Africa, we’re referring to nations with limited land area. However, it’s crucial to note that size doesn’t always correlate with population or economic influence. Some of these small countries boast thriving economies and dense populations, while others face unique challenges due to their limited resources.
Interestingly, many of Africa’s smallest countries are islands or archipelagos scattered across the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Others are landlocked, nestled between larger nations on the mainland. This diverse geographical spread contributes to the unique characteristics and challenges each country faces.
The formation of these small African nations often has roots in colonial history, strategic locations, or cultural distinctions. Understanding their origins provides valuable insight into their current socio-economic situations and international relations.
As we delve into the list of the ten smallest African countries, we’ll explore their distinctive features, from pristine beaches to bustling cities, and examine how they’ve carved out their place on the global stage despite their limited landmass.
| S/N | Countries | Africa area
in km² (mi²) |
|---|---|---|
| 10 |  |
27,834 (10,747) |
| 9 |  |
26,338 (10,169) |
| 8 |  |
23,200 (9,000) |
| 7 |  |
17,364 (6,704) |
| 6 |  |
11,295 (4,361) |
| 5 |  |
4,033 (1,557) |
| 4 |  |
2,239 (864) |
| 3 |  |
1,862 (719) |
| 2 |  |
964 (372) |
| 1 |  |
452 (175) |
Seychelles 455 km² (176 sq mi)
The Republic of Seychelles, the smallest country in Africa by landmass, is an archipelagic nation consisting of 115 islands scattered across the Indian Ocean. With a total area of just 455 km² (176 sq mi), this tiny country packs a punch when it comes to natural beauty and biodiversity. Its main island, Mahé, is home to the capital city of Victoria and houses about 90% of the country’s population.
Despite its small size, Seychelles boasts a diverse landscape. The inner islands are granitic and mountainous, while the outer islands are low-lying coral atolls. This varied terrain supports a rich ecosystem, making Seychelles a haven for rare plant and animal species. The country enjoys a tropical climate year-round, with temperatures rarely dropping below 24°C (75°F) or rising above 32°C (90°F).
Seychelles’ economy heavily relies on tourism, which accounts for about 25% of its GDP. The country’s pristine beaches, crystal-clear waters, and unique flora and fauna attract visitors from around the world. Fishing and agriculture also play significant roles in the economy, with tuna exports being a major source of foreign exchange.
São Tomé and Príncipe 964 km² (372 sq mi)
São Tomé and Príncipe, the smallest country in Africa by landmass after Seychelles, is a fascinating island nation located off the western coast of Central Africa. This archipelago consists of two main islands, São Tomé and Príncipe, along with several smaller islets. With a total area of just 964 square kilometers (372 square miles), this tiny nation packs a punch in terms of natural beauty and cultural richness.
The islands are of volcanic origin, featuring lush rainforests, pristine beaches, and rugged mountainous terrain. São Tomé, the larger island, is home to Pico de São Tomé, the country’s highest peak at 2,024 meters (6,640 feet). The climate is tropical, with temperatures averaging around 27°C (80°F) year-round, making it an ideal destination for those seeking warmth and sunshine.
Despite its small size, São Tomé and Príncipe boasts a diverse economy. Agriculture, particularly cocoa production, remains a significant contributor to the nation’s GDP. Tourism is also growing, with visitors drawn to the country’s unspoiled natural beauty and unique cultural heritage. The population, numbering around 235,536, is known for its warm hospitality and vibrant Creole culture, blending African and Portuguese influences.
Comoros 1,861 km² (719 sq mi)
The Comoros, officially known as the Union of the Comoros, is one of the smallest countries in Africa, with a total land area of just 1,861 square kilometers (719 square miles). This archipelagic nation is situated in the Indian Ocean, off the eastern coast of Africa between Madagascar and Mozambique.
The Comoros consists of three main islands: Grande Comore (Ngazidja), Mohéli (Mwali), and Anjouan (Nzwani). Each island boasts its unique character, from volcanic landscapes to pristine beaches. Grande Comore, the largest island, is home to Mount Karthala, an active volcano that dominates the island’s skyline.
Despite its small size, Comoros is densely populated, with over 866,628 inhabitants. The country’s culture is a rich tapestry of African, Arab, and French influences, reflected in its language, cuisine, and traditions. Islam is the predominant religion, shaping much of the nation’s social fabric.
As one of the smallest countries in Africa, Comoros faces significant economic challenges. The nation heavily relies on agriculture and fishing, with limited natural resources. However, its strategic location and potential for tourism present opportunities for future development.
Mauritius 2,040 km² (790 sq mi)
Mauritius, one of the smallest countries in Africa by landmass, is a tropical paradise nestled in the Indian Ocean. This island nation boasts a land area of just 2,040 square kilometers (790 square miles), making it a compact yet diverse destination.
Mauritius is part of the Mascarene Islands, which include Réunion and Rodrigues. The island’s landscape is characterized by a central plateau surrounded by mountains, with coastal plains dotting the perimeter. The highest point, Piton de la Petite Rivière Noire, reaches 828 meters (2,717 feet) above sea level.
Despite its small size, Mauritius harbors a wealth of biodiversity. The island enjoys a tropical maritime climate, with warm temperatures year-round. This environment supports a variety of endemic species, including the famous dodo bird (now extinct). The island’s coral reefs and lagoons teem with marine life, making it a haven for snorkelers and divers.
With a population of approximately 1.3 million, Mauritius is densely populated for its size. The economy is diverse, relying on tourism, financial services, and textile exports. Its strategic location has made it an important hub for trade between Africa and Asia.
Cape Verde or Cabo Verde 4,033 km² (1,557 sq mi)
Cape Verde, also known as Cabo Verde, is a small archipelagic nation off the coast of West Africa. As one of the smallest countries in Africa, it covers a total land area of just 4,033 square kilometers (1,557 square miles). This island nation consists of ten volcanic islands and several islets, divided into two groups: the Barlavento (windward) islands in the north and the Sotavento (leeward) islands in the south.
The islands of Cape Verde are known for their rugged, mountainous terrain and sparse vegetation. The highest point, Mount Fogo, reaches an impressive 2,829 meters (9,281 feet) above sea level. Despite its tropical location, Cape Verde experiences a relatively dry climate due to its position in the Sahel region. This unique geography and climate have shaped the nation’s culture and economy.
Cape Verde’s economy heavily relies on services, particularly tourism. The nation’s pristine beaches, vibrant culture, and water sports opportunities attract visitors from around the world. Additionally, the country has been investing in renewable energy sources, aiming to reduce its dependence on imported fossil fuels.
Despite its small size, Cape Verde plays a significant role in African geopolitics and serves as an important stopover point for trans-Atlantic flights and shipping routes. Its strategic location and stable democracy make it an attractive destination for both tourists and investors alike.
The Gambia 11,295 km² (4,361 sq mi)
The Gambia, officially known as the Republic of The Gambia, holds the distinction of being the smallest country in Africa by land area. With a total area of just 11,295 square kilometers (4,361 square miles), this West African nation is roughly the size of Jamaica or the U.S. state of Delaware.
The Gambia’s unique shape is one of its most striking features. The country is essentially a narrow strip of land extending about 450 kilometers (280 miles) inland from the Atlantic coast, rarely more than 48 kilometers (30 miles) wide. This elongated form follows the course of the Gambia River, which bisects the country and serves as its primary geographical feature.
Despite its small size, The Gambia is home to approximately 2.8 million people, making it one of the most densely populated countries in Africa. The capital city, Banjul, is located on St. Mary’s Island (Banjul Island) where the Gambia River meets the Atlantic Ocean.
The Gambia’s economy relies heavily on agriculture, fishing, and tourism. Its beautiful beaches and rich wildlife along the river have made it a popular destination for eco-tourism and bird-watching enthusiasts. As one of the smallest countries in Africa, The Gambia offers visitors a unique blend of natural beauty, cultural experiences, and historical sites within a compact and easily navigable area.
Eswatini 17,364 km² (6,704 sq mi)
Eswatini, formerly known as Swaziland, is one of the smallest countries in Africa, with a total land area of just 17,364 square kilometers (6,704 square miles). This landlocked nation, nestled between South Africa and Mozambique, may be small in size, but it’s rich in culture and natural beauty.
Eswatini’s terrain is diverse, featuring mountains, savannas, and rainforests. The country is divided into four distinct regions:
- Highveld: Characterized by mountains and forests
- Middleveld: Rolling hills and fertile valleys
- Lowveld: Hot, dry plains
- Lubombo: Mountainous plateau
This varied landscape contributes to Eswatini’s biodiversity and offers visitors a range of experiences within a compact area.
Despite its small size, Eswatini maintains a unique cultural identity. It’s one of the few remaining absolute monarchies in Africa, blending traditional Swazi customs with modern governance. The country’s rich cultural heritage is celebrated through vibrant festivals and ceremonies throughout the year.
As one of the smallest countries in Africa, Eswatini offers a concentrated African experience, combining natural beauty, wildlife, and cultural traditions in a compact, easily navigable package.
Djibouti 23,200 km² (8958 sq mi)
Djibouti, one of the smallest countries in Africa by landmass, packs a wealth of diversity into its compact 23,200 km² (8,958 sq mi) area. This strategically located nation in the Horn of Africa boasts a unique blend of landscapes, from volcanic formations to pristine beaches along the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden.
Djibouti’s terrain is characterized by its rugged mountains, salt lakes, and desert plains. Lake Assal, a crater lake 155 meters below sea level, is the lowest point in Africa and the third lowest on Earth. The country’s highest point, Moussa Ali, reaches 2,028 meters (6,654 ft) above sea level.
Despite its small size, Djibouti hosts a variety of ecosystems. The climate is generally hot and arid, with two distinct seasons: a cool season from October to April and a hot season from May to September. This unique environment supports diverse wildlife, including rare species like the critically endangered Djibouti francolin.
Djibouti’s location at the southern entrance to the Red Sea gives it significant geopolitical importance. The Port of Djibouti serves as a key refueling and transshipment center, making it a crucial hub for international maritime trade. This strategic position has also attracted several foreign military bases, further underlining the country’s global significance despite its small size.
Rwanda 26,338 (10,169 sq mi)
Rwanda, often referred to as the “Land of a Thousand Hills,” is one of the smallest countries in Africa by landmass. Despite its compact size, this East African nation packs a punch with its rich culture, stunning landscapes, and remarkable wildlife.
Rwanda’s total area of 26,338 square kilometers (10,169 square miles) is dominated by rolling hills and mountains. The country’s terrain is characterized by grasslands, forests, and numerous lakes, creating a diverse and picturesque environment. The western border is defined by Lake Kivu, one of Africa’s Great Lakes.
Despite being one of the smallest African countries by landmass, Rwanda is densely populated. With over 14.2 million inhabitants, it has one of the highest population densities in Africa. This concentration of people has led to innovative land use practices and a unique social fabric.
Rwanda has made significant strides in economic development since the 1994 genocide. The country has focused on modernization, technology, and sustainable practices. Its capital, Kigali, is known for its cleanliness and progressive urban planning, serving as a model for other African cities.
Burundi 27,830 (10,750 sq mi)
Burundi, one of the smallest African countries by landmass, covers an area of 27,830 square kilometers (10,750 square miles). This landlocked nation in East Africa is roughly the size of Maryland in the United States. Despite its small size, Burundi plays a significant role in the region’s geography and culture.
Burundi’s landscape is characterized by rolling hills, plateaus, and mountains. The country is part of the Albertine Rift, a branch of the East African Rift, which contributes to its varied topography. Lake Tanganyika, one of Africa’s Great Lakes, forms much of Burundi’s western border, providing the country with access to this vital water resource.
Despite being one of the smallest countries in Africa, Burundi has a relatively high population density. With over 13.5 million inhabitants, it is one of the most densely populated countries on the continent. This high population density presents unique challenges and opportunities for the nation’s development and resource management.
Burundi’s economy is primarily agricultural, with coffee and tea being major exports. The country’s small size influences its economic strategies, often focusing on intensive agriculture and regional trade. Culturally, Burundi is known for its drumming traditions and vibrant arts scene, which have flourished within its compact borders.
Frequently Asked Questions
These are some frequently asked questions and answers about the smallest countries in Africa.
What is the smallest country in Africa?
The smallest country in Africa by landmass is Seychelles, an archipelago of 115 islands in the Indian Ocean. With a total area of just 455 square kilometers (176 square miles), it’s significantly smaller than the next smallest African nation. Despite its tiny size, Seychelles boasts stunning beaches, lush tropical forests, and a diverse marine ecosystem.
Are there any African microstates?
Yes, Africa has several microstates. The most notable is Seychelles, the smallest country in Africa. Other microstates include São Tomé and Príncipe, Comoros, and Cape Verde. These nations, while small in size, play important roles in regional politics and economics.
How do small African countries compare to other small nations globally?
While Africa has some very small countries, they’re generally larger than the world’s tiniest nations. For instance, Vatican City, the world’s smallest independent state, is just 0.44 square kilometers. However, Africa’s smallest countries are comparable in size to small island nations in the Caribbean and Pacific, demonstrating the diversity of national sizes across continents.
Conclusion
As you’ve discovered, Africa’s smallest nations pack a wealth of diversity and intrigue into their limited borders. From island paradises to mountainous enclaves, these compact countries offer unique cultural experiences and natural wonders. While their landmass may be modest, their impact on the continent’s history, economy, and global presence is anything but small. As you plan your next African adventure, consider venturing beyond the typical tourist destinations to explore these often-overlooked gems. You’ll find that in these tiny territories, every square mile holds the potential for unforgettable discoveries and a deeper understanding of Africa’s rich tapestry of nations.