The Different Types of Citizenship in Nigeria

As a resident or potential immigrant to Nigeria, understanding the various types of citizenship is crucial for navigating your legal status and rights within the country. Nigeria recognizes multiple pathways to citizenship, each with its own set of requirements and implications. Whether you were born on Nigerian soil, have Nigerian parents, or are seeking naturalization, your path to citizenship will depend on your unique circumstances.

In this article, you’ll explore the different types of citizenship in Nigeria, including citizenship by birth, registration, and naturalization. By familiarizing yourself with these options, you’ll be better equipped to determine your eligibility and pursue the appropriate route to Nigerian citizenship.

What is Citizenship?

Citizenship is a fundamental concept that defines an individual’s legal status and relationship with a state or nation. It encompasses a set of rights, privileges, and responsibilities bestowed upon a person by virtue of their membership in a particular country. Understanding the various types of citizenship is crucial for grasping the complexities of national identity and legal status.

As a citizen, you are entitled to certain protections and benefits from your country. These may include the right to vote, access to public services, and diplomatic protection when abroad. However, citizenship also comes with obligations such as obeying laws, paying taxes, and potentially serving in the military. The specific rights and duties can vary depending on the country and the type of citizenship you hold.

Citizenship can be acquired through various means, including birth, naturalization, or descent. The criteria for obtaining citizenship differ among nations, reflecting their unique historical, cultural, and legal contexts. Some countries allow dual citizenship, while others require individuals to renounce their previous citizenship when acquiring a new one.

Types of Citizenship in Nigeria

Citizenship is a fundamental concept that defines an individual’s legal status and relationship with a nation. In Nigeria, understanding the different types of citizenship is crucial for both natives and foreigners alike. The types of citizenship available in Nigeria are designed to accommodate various scenarios and backgrounds, ensuring that individuals can establish their legal status within the country.

Citizenship plays a vital role in determining an individual’s rights, responsibilities, and privileges within a nation. It affects various aspects of life, including:

• Voting rights
• Access to government services
• Employment opportunities
• Property ownership

Nigeria recognizes multiple types of citizenship, each with its own set of criteria and implications. Under the various Nigerian Constitutions since 1979, citizenship can be acquired in three ways: by birth, by naturalization and by registration. These categories are designed to address different circumstances. Understanding these distinctions is essential for anyone seeking to navigate the complexities of Nigerian citizenship law.

Citizenship by Birth

Citizenship by birth, also known as jus soli, is one of the primary types of citizenship in Nigeria. This form of citizenship is automatically granted to individuals born within Nigerian territory, regardless of their parents’ nationality. It’s a fundamental right enshrined in the Nigerian Constitution, reflecting the country’s commitment to inclusivity.

To qualify for citizenship by birth in Nigeria, you must meet one of the following criteria:

1. Born in Nigeria after October 1, 1960, with at least one parent or grandparent who is a Nigerian citizen
2. Born outside Nigeria, with at least one parent who is a Nigerian citizen

Entitlements and Responsibilities

As a citizen by birth, you enjoy full rights and privileges under Nigerian law, including:

• The right to vote and be voted for in elections
• Access to public services and social benefits
• Protection under Nigerian law, both domestically and internationally

However, citizenship also comes with responsibilities, such as obeying the law and contributing to the nation’s development.

Citizenship by Naturalization

Citizenship by naturalization is one of the key types of citizenship in Nigeria, offering a path for foreign nationals to become full-fledged citizens. This process involves legally acquiring Nigerian citizenship after meeting specific criteria and following established procedures.

To obtain citizenship through naturalization, you must meet the following requirements:

• Be person of full age and capacity;
• Demonstrate good character
• Take an oath of allegiance
• Have shown a clear intention of his desire to be domiciled in Nigeria;
• Be in the opinion of the Governor of the State where he is or she proposes to be resident, acceptable to the local community in which he is to live permanently, and has been assimilated into the way of life of Nigerians in that part of the Federation;
• Be person who has made or is capable of making useful contribution to the advancement; progress and well-being of Nigeria;
• Must have taken the Oath of Allegiance prescribed in the Seventh Schedule to this Constitution; and
• Must have immediately preceding the date of his application, either resided in Nigeria for a continuous period of fifteen years; or resided in Nigeria continuously for a period of twelve months, and during the period of twenty years immediately preceding that period of twelve months has resided in Nigeria for periods amounting in the aggregate to not less than fifteen years.

According to section 307, an applicant here also cannot hold any elective or appointive office within ten years of the grant of the certificate of Naturalization.

Documents Required for Citizenship by Naturalization (Under The Section 27 of The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999 As Amended):

• Passport Photograph.
• Birth Certificate.
• Evidence of Means of Livelihood.
• Tax Clearance Certificate.
• Residence Permit.
• First 5 pages of International Passport including Data Page.
• Guarantors’ Downloaded Form.
• Guarantors’ Passport Photograph.
• Guarantors’ Curriculum Vitae.
• ID Card (Driver’s License/International Passport/National ID Card) of Guarantors’.
• Evidence of Socio-Economic Contributions.
• Signed Application Letter addressed to the Permanent Secretary

The naturalization process typically involves submitting an application, undergoing background checks, and attending an interview. Once approved, you’ll receive a certificate of naturalization, granting you full rights and responsibilities as a Nigerian citizen.

Citizenship by Registration

Citizenship by registration is one of the types of citizenship available in Nigeria. This process allows individuals who meet specific criteria to become Nigerian citizens without being born in the country or having Nigerian parents. It entails formally applying for and obtaining Nigerian citizenship through a legal registration process.

To be eligible for citizenship by registration in Nigeria, you must meet the following criteria:

• Be of good character
• Show clear intention to reside in Nigeria after registration
• Take the Oath of Allegiance
• Be capable of making a contribution to the advancement, progress, and well-being of Nigeria
• Be familiar with the language, customs, and traditions of the community where you intend to live

Additionally, you must belong to one of these categories:

• Women married to Nigerian citizens
• Persons of Nigerian descent born outside Nigeria
• Persons born outside Nigeria whose grandparents were Nigerian citizens

For a person to become a Nigerian citizen by registration through either of his or her grandparents under the section, he must be of full age and capacity which under the Nigerian Constitution, would be the age of 18 years, by which time a person can vote. Up till the age of capacity, the parents presumably make the choice of citizenship.

Documents Required for Citizenship by Registration (Under Section 26 (2B) of The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999 As Amended):

• Passport Photograph.
• Applicant’s Birth Certificate.
• Marriage Certificate where applicable.
• Residence Permit.
• First 5 pages of International Passport including Data Page.
• Upload evidence of Nigerian Citizenship of either Parent/ GrandParent/Great GrandParent.
• Letter from Guarantors’.
• Guarantors’ Passport Photograph.
• Guarantors’ Downloaded Form.
• Guarantors’ Curriculum Vitae.
• ID Card (Driver’s License/International Passport/National ID Card) of Guarantors’.
• Signed Application Letter addressed to the Permanent Secretary

Documents Required for Citizenship by Registration (Under The Section 26 (2A) of The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999 As Amended):

• Passport Photograph.
• Birth Certificate.
• Evidence of Means of Livelihood.
• Marriage Certificate.
• Residence Permit.
• First 5 pages of International Passport including Data Page.
• Letter of Consent from Husband/Children/Relatives in case of deceased husband.
• Particular of previous Marriage(s) where applicable.
• Evidence of Husband/Relatives Citizenship in case of deceased husband (Local Government Certificate of Origin or Naturalization Certificate).
• Upload Court Judgment.
• Letter from Guarantors’.
• Guarantors’ Downloaded Form.
• ID Card (Driver’s License/International Passport/National ID Card) of Guarantors’.
• Signed Application Letter addressed to the Permanent Secretary

The process involves submitting an application, providing necessary documentation, and undergoing interviews and background checks before citizenship is granted. A citizen by registration cannot within ten years of such registration, hold any elective or appointive post under the Constitution.

How to Obtain Nigerian Citizenship

Obtaining Nigerian citizenship involves several steps and pathways, depending on your circumstances. Here’s a comprehensive guide to help you navigate the process:

Citizenship by Birth

If you were born in Nigeria to at least one Nigerian parent, you automatically qualify for citizenship. Simply apply for a Nigerian passport or national ID card to formalize your status.

Citizenship by Registration

For those born outside Nigeria to a Nigerian parent, you can register as a citizen. Submit your birth certificate, parent’s Nigerian documents, and a completed application to the nearest Nigerian embassy or consulate.

Citizenship by Naturalization

To become a naturalized citizen, you must:

1. Reside in Nigeria for at least 15 years
2. Be of good character
3. Intend to remain in Nigeria
4. Take an oath of allegiance

Apply through the Ministry of Interior, providing necessary documentation and undergoing interviews.

Understanding these types of citizenship in Nigeria is crucial for anyone seeking to become a Nigerian national. Each pathway has specific requirements and procedures, so choose the one that best fits your situation.

Benefits of Nigerian Citizenship

Nigerian citizenship offers numerous advantages that can significantly enhance your life and opportunities. Here are some key benefits of being a Nigerian citizen:

1. Voting Rights: As a citizen, you can participate in elections and shape the country’s future.
2. Passport Access: Enjoy visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to numerous countries worldwide.
3. Government Employment: Eligibility for various government jobs and positions.
4. Property Ownership: Unrestricted right to own land and property throughout Nigeria.
5. Social Services: Access to public healthcare, education, and other social welfare programs.
6. Business Opportunities: Easier access to start and operate businesses within Nigeria.
7. Consular Protection: Receive assistance from Nigerian embassies while traveling abroad.
8. Cultural Identity: Embrace and celebrate Nigeria’s rich cultural heritage and diversity.

These benefits of Nigerian citizenship underscore the importance of understanding the various types of citizenship available in the country. By fully grasping these advantages, individuals can better appreciate the value of their Nigerian nationality and actively contribute to the nation’s growth and development.

Renunciation of Citizenship

Renunciation of citizenship is a voluntary act that allows citizens to formally give up their nationality, typically when acquiring citizenship in another country. The process involves several steps and considerations.

Section 29 of the Constitution makes provisions for the manner in which a Nigerian Citizen of full age can renounce his citizenship. Section 29(4) puts “full age” at 18 years. Such a person must make a declaration of renunciation in the prescribed manner by the President and the declaration shall be registered, after which the person ceases to be a Nigerian. The President may however withhold such registration if made during a war in which Nigeria is involved or if in his opinion, it is otherwise contrary to Public Policy.

Legal Requirements

To renounce Nigerian citizenship, individuals must be of full age and capacity. They must also prove they have acquired or are in the process of acquiring citizenship of another country. This ensures that renunciation doesn’t result in statelessness.

Application Process

The renunciation process begins with submitting an application to the Federal Ministry of Interior. Required documents include a completed renunciation form, proof of Nigerian citizenship, and evidence of acquisition or imminent acquisition of foreign citizenship. Applicants must also provide a sworn affidavit stating their intention to renounce.

Documents Required for Renunciation of Nigerian Citizenship (Under The Section 29 of The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria As Amended):

• Passport Photograph.
• Birth Certificate.
• First 5 pages of International Passport including Data Page.
• Sworn Affidavit.
• Evidence of Citizenship in the new country.
• Local Government Certificate of Origin with Passport Photograph.
• Certification by the Secretary of the Applicant’s Local Government Area.
• Signed Application Letter addressed to the Permanent Secretary

Consequences

Upon approval, individuals lose all rights and privileges associated with Nigerian citizenship. This includes the right to hold a Nigerian passport, vote in elections, or own certain types of property in Nigeria. It’s crucial to understand these implications before proceeding with renunciation.

Deprivation of Citizenship in Nigeria

Deprivation of citizenship is a serious matter in Nigeria, and it’s one of the important citizenship issues to understand. The Nigerian government has the power to revoke an individual’s citizenship under specific circumstances, as outlined in the Constitution.

Only a Citizen by birth cannot be deprived of his Citizenship for any reason whatsoever. According to section 30, the President cannot deprive a Citizen by Naturalization of his citizenship if he is satisfied that within seven years of his becoming naturalized, he has been sentenced to imprisonment for a term not less than three years. The President can deprive both a naturalized and registered citizen of their citizenship if from the record of proceedings of a Court or Tribunal, after due inquiry, he is satisfied that such a person is disloyal to Nigeria in any particular way.

Grounds for Deprivation

The Nigerian Citizenship Act provides several reasons for citizenship deprivation:

• Acquiring citizenship of another country (for naturalized citizens)
• Showing disloyalty to Nigeria through words or actions
• Obtaining citizenship by fraud or false representation
• Being sentenced to imprisonment for 3+ years within 7 years of naturalization

Legal Process

The Minister of Interior must give written notice of the intention to deprive citizenship. The individual has the right to an inquiry before a committee appointed by the President. This process ensures due process and protects against arbitrary deprivation.

Implications

Losing Nigerian citizenship can have severe consequences, including deportation and loss of rights. It’s crucial for all citizens to understand these provisions to safeguard their status and rights within the country.

Dual Citizenship in Nigeria

Dual citizenship, one of the types of citizenship recognized in Nigeria, allows individuals to hold citizenship in two countries simultaneously. This concept has gained traction in recent years, offering numerous benefits to those who qualify.

Under section 28 of the 1999 constitution, a citizen by birth can acquire the citizenship of another country without renouncing his Nigerian Citizenship. Also, citizens by registration and naturalization can retain their citizenship by birth and acquire Nigerian citizenship. They must however within twelve months of the grant of the certificate of registration or naturalization, renounce the citizenship of any other country other than that of the citizenship of their birth.

Eligibility and Acquisition

In Nigeria, dual citizenship is primarily available to individuals by birth or descent. Nigerian-born citizens who acquire citizenship in another country can retain their Nigerian citizenship. Similarly, individuals born outside Nigeria to Nigerian parents may claim dual citizenship.

Benefits and Considerations

Dual citizenship offers several advantages, including:

• Expanded travel opportunities
• Access to social services in both countries
• Potential for increased business and employment prospects

However, it’s crucial to understand the responsibilities that come with dual citizenship, such as potential tax obligations and military service requirements in both nations.

Legal Implications

While Nigeria recognizes dual citizenship, it’s important to note that certain high-ranking government positions may be restricted to those holding solely Nigerian citizenship. Always consult with legal experts to fully understand the implications of maintaining dual citizenship status.

What Documents are Required for the Dual Citizenship Application Process in Nigeria?

When applying for dual citizenship in Nigeria, you’ll need to gather several essential documents to complete the process. Understanding the requirements is crucial for a successful application. Here’s a list of some key documents typically required:

• Completed application form
• Passport size photographs
• Birth Certificate
• Proof for livelihood means
• Certificate for Tax Clearance
• Permit for Residence in Nigeria
• Valid International Passport with five pages at least
• Marriage certificate (if applicable)
• Documents of guarantors (as instructed)
• Valid Identification document
• Proof of applicant’s Socio-Economic Contributions
• Police clearance certificate from both countries

These documents help establish your eligibility for dual citizenship and demonstrate your ties to both countries. It’s important to note that requirements may vary depending on individual circumstances and the specific types of citizenship being sought. Always consult with the Nigerian Immigration Service for the most up-to-date information on dual citizenship application procedures.

How to Apply For Dual Citizenship in Nigeria

Applying for dual citizenship in Nigeria involves several key steps. Understanding these types of citizenship and the process is crucial for a successful application.

• First, confirm your eligibility for Nigerian dual citizenship. This typically applies to individuals with Nigerian ancestry or those who have resided in Nigeria for an extended period.
• Visit the citizenship and Business Department of Interior Ministries.
• Obtain the dual citizenship application form from the respective office.
• Complete the form with accurate details under all relevant sections. Ascertain that you attest it with your signature once complete.
• Attach all documents requested by the immigration department.
• Submit the application form in person to the relevant authority office. Also, make the required payment as directed by the officials.
• Once submitted, the applications and attached documents are forwarded for verification and validation. The officials will proceed with further action as required.

Once the process is over, you will receive the document. Remember, the specifics of these types of citizenship applications may vary. Always consult with the Nigerian Immigration Service for the most up-to-date information and requirements.

Requirements for Traveling With Dual Passports in Nigeria

When navigating international travel with dual citizenship, it’s crucial to understand the specific requirements. Here are some essential considerations for those with dual passports in Nigeria:

• Carry both passports at all times
• Use Nigerian passport to exit and enter Nigeria
• Present foreign passport at destination country
• Ensure both passports are valid for at least six months
• Check visa requirements for both nationalities
• Be aware of any restrictions on dual citizenship
• Keep passport information consistent across documents
• Understand tax obligations for both countries
• Familiarize yourself with emergency procedures

These requirements are vital for smooth travel and compliance with international regulations. By adhering to these guidelines, dual citizens can navigate the complexities of international borders with confidence. Remember, the specific types of citizenship you hold may impact your travel experiences, so stay informed about the latest policies and procedures.

What Countries Allow Dual Citizenship For Nigerians?

Dual citizenship is an increasingly common phenomenon in our globalized world, and Nigeria recognizes this reality. For Nigerians seeking to expand their horizons while maintaining their ties to their homeland, understanding which countries allow dual citizenship is crucial.

Nigerians can access the dual citizenship-by-Investment program from the following countries:

• St Kitts & Nevis
• St Lucia
• Grenada
• Dominican Republic
• Antigua and Barbuda
• Vanuatu (

Also, Nigerians can gain citizenship from the following countries through other means and not investment citizenship:

• Turkey: Through the Second Citizenship Program.
• Portugal: Via the Golden Visa Program.
• Bulgaria: Through the Residency and Citizenship program.
• Greece: Via the Golden Visa Program.
• Canada: Through the permanent resident program.
• USA: Through the EB2 Green Card

When exploring dual citizenship options, it’s essential to consider the legal implications and responsibilities that come with holding multiple citizenships. Each country has its own laws regarding types of citizenship, and it’s crucial to research thoroughly before making any decisions.

Remember, dual citizenship can offer numerous advantages, from increased global mobility to expanded business opportunities. However, it also comes with obligations to both nations, including potential tax responsibilities and military service requirements in some cases.

Frequently Asked Questions

Nigeria’s citizenship laws can seem complex, especially for those considering dual citizenship. Here are answers to some of the most common questions about Nigerian citizenship:

Can dual citizenship be held in Nigeria?

Yes, Nigeria allows dual citizenship. This means Nigerian citizens can hold citizenship in another country without losing their Nigerian nationality. However, certain high-ranking government positions may be restricted to those holding only Nigerian citizenship.

Do I need to renounce my Nigerian citizenship to become a citizen of another country?

Not necessarily. Many countries, including the U.S., U.K., and Canada, allow you to maintain your Nigerian citizenship when becoming a citizen of their country. You should research the laws of the country you are seeking citizenship in.

Will I lose the benefits of Nigerian citizenship, if I become a dual citizen?

You will still generally be entitled to the same rights and benefits as other Nigerian citizens, including the ability to work and live in Nigeria. However, some benefits like government jobs may be restricted to only single Nigerian citizens.

What are the tax implications?

You may have to pay taxes in both Nigeria and the country of your second citizenship, depending on residence, income sources, and tax treaties between the countries. You should consult a tax professional to understand your specific tax obligations.

What are the types of citizenship in Nigeria?

Nigeria recognizes several types of citizenship, including citizenship by birth, registration, and naturalization. Citizenship by birth applies to those born in Nigeria or with at least one Nigerian parent. Registration is for foreign women married to Nigerian men, while naturalization is for foreigners who meet specific residency and character requirements.

How can one acquire Nigerian citizenship?

Acquiring Nigerian citizenship depends on individual circumstances. For those born outside Nigeria to Nigerian parents, citizenship can be claimed through registration. Foreigners can apply for naturalization after meeting residency requirements and demonstrating good character. The process involves submitting an application to the Federal Ministry of Interior.

Hopefully these answers provide a helpful starting point! citizenship is a complex topic, so be sure to do your research and plan thoroughly before making any decisions regarding your Nigerian citizenship.

Conclusion

In conclusion, understanding the different types of citizenship in Nigeria is crucial for navigating the country’s legal and social landscape. Whether you are a citizen by birth, registration, or naturalization, each category carries unique rights and responsibilities. As you consider your own status or that of others, remember that citizenship is not just a legal designation but also a commitment to the nation.

By embracing your role as a Nigerian citizen, you contribute to the country’s diverse tapestry and help shape its future. Stay informed about citizenship laws and processes to ensure you can fully participate in Nigeria’s civic life and enjoy the benefits of your citizenship status.